tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64561793699073796182013-01-31T04:28:18.619-08:00EngineeringSanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-27798733078496272952013-01-31T04:28:00.001-08:002013-01-31T04:28:18.631-08:002013-01-31T04:28:18.631-08:00Secret to be a good Engineer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I have seen that the students who are consistence with their studies, who are determined to get their goal, to understand everything, and who are determined to do something meaningful in their life are the ones who become good Engineers. They are good with the Analysis, Design and construction.<br />
They get the success in their professional life. So start studying in a meaningful way from the time of your study. I have realized it now, I hope you don't get late to realize it. </div>
Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-61292177399912569732013-01-30T08:37:00.000-08:002013-01-30T08:46:46.553-08:002013-01-30T08:46:46.553-08:00Types of Pavements: Highway Engineering<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The pavement is the structure which takes up all the traffic loads coming on the road. According to their behavior they can classified in these major categories:<br />
<b>(1) Flexible pavements: </b>These are the pavements which have very less flexural strength. They transfer the load coming over them directly to the lower layers through grain to grain contact. So the load transfer largely depends upon the type of the grains/aggregates that are used in the construction of the pavement. If the aggregates are well compact/ well graded then their grain to grain contact will be good and they can transfer the load to a wider area. The flexible pavement has the following layers:<br />
(a) Wearing course<br />
(b) Sub base course<br />
(c) Base course<br />
(d) Sub grade<br />
The stress intensity is maximum at the top layer of the pavement and it decreases with depth. Due to ability of the pavement to transfer the loads to lower layers in the truncated form, the layer concept has been introduced for its construction. The pavements is made of layers of different materials. The top layer is made of superior material, because it has to face the largest stresses, and the lower layers are constructed with with inferior materials. So the wearing course is made of the superior quality material and sub-grade can be constructed of the locally available earth too. The materials like bituminous concrete, is best to use as the surface course and the others like water bound macadam, and other crushed aggregates, gravels can be used for the base and sub base courses. The flexible pavements are designed with the help of the empirical design charts or some equations taking into account the various design factors. Some semi-empirical and theory methods are also available for the design of the flexible pavements.<br />
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<b>(2) Rigid Pavements: </b>These kind of pavement possess a high flexural strength and can transfer the loads coming over it to the lower layers with the slab action of the various layers. The reason behind the flexural strength is the kind of material used in its construction. The various materials like plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete or the pre-stressed concrete are the good materials to be used as the rigid pavement materials. There is no need to construct the sub-base course or the base course but for the precautionary purpose the base is generally provided. A good base course of course aggregates makes it more stable, and is more economical in the long run. The base course is more important when the sub grade is formed of the finer material. The rigid pavements are analysed and designed by using the elastic theory, in which the surface layer is considered as the elastic layer, which is supported by another elastic plate called the subgrade. The rigid pavement will not deform like the flexible pavements if the undulating surface is present at the base.<br />
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<b>(3) Semi Rigid Pavement: </b>These pavements are constructed with the materials like the pozzolana concretes,the lime-fly ash-aggregate mix, or lean cement concrete and thus have sufficient flexure strength. They possess the flexural strength in between those of the rigid pavement and that of the flexible pavements. They are designed as the flexible pavements but with some correction factors applied to it, or they are designed by some other methods. These materials don't have the good resistant against the impact and the abrasion loads so the surface course is constructed with the flexible pavement materials.<br />
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Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-47232726123128400712013-01-21T06:00:00.001-08:002013-01-21T06:00:47.259-08:002013-01-21T06:00:47.259-08:00GATE 2013 for Civil Engineering Online exam held on 20th January -Solution are required<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I appeared first time in the GATE exam and it was a nice experience. It was all online, so there was no paper wastage. It is a good way to save the paper and the environment around us. <div>
The exam duration was 3 hours, and it carried about 62 or 63 questions. Questions carried different marks with it. </div>
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For Civil Engineering aspirants, I wanted to make an answer key but it is hard to remember the questions now. I remember some of the questions. I have confidence over some questions which I have attempted rightly. </div>
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If you remember the questions, then please write in the comment box and I can discuss the answer that I know with you. I hope that I may help you this way.</div>
</div>
Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-32667638637837304592012-08-09T11:27:00.003-07:002012-08-09T11:27:38.790-07:002012-08-09T11:27:38.790-07:00Surveying - Primary Division<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><u>Introduction:</u></b><br />
Surveying is an art of determination of the relative position of the points on above or below the surface of the earth by some direct or indirect linear and angular measurements.<br />
Leveling is a branch of surveying in which we locate the points at some given elevation or determine the elevation of the given points.<br />
<br />
Main objective of the surveying is to prepare the maps or plan of a given area. The term map is used when we have to prepare the horizontal projection of a relatively larger area on a paper sheet.<br />
The term 'plan' is used when the area is relatively smaller.<br />
<br />
<b>Primary Division of Surveying</b><br />
Earth is an ellipsoid. There is difference of about 43km between the diameter of the earth along the equatorial plane and that along the polar axis. When we draw a triangular traverse on a level surface then the triangle formed is known as a spherical triangle and the angles are known as the spherical angles.<br />
When we draw the chord of a 12km level arc the difference in the length of the arc and the corresponding chord is only about 1cm.<br />
Now according to the magnitude of the area and the required precision we can classify the surveying in two parts:<br />
(1) Plane Surveying (2) Geodetic Surveying<br />
<br />
(1) <b>Plane surveying</b><br />
In plane surveying we consider the earth surface as the plane surface. The error due to the curvature is neglected.<br />
The level lines are straight lines and all the plumb lines are parallel to each other.<br />
It is used for relatively small areas of a magnitude of near about 256km2.<br />
<br />
<b>(2) Geodetic Surveying</b><br />
In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration, so all the level lines are taken as the curved lines.<br />
To get precise results it becomes necessary to adopt the geodetic surveying in the areas larger than the magnitude of about 260km2.<br />
It is more precise than the plane surveying. The maps are prepared using the geodetic surveying.<br />
It is also known as the trigonometric surveying.</div>Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-80542777410049538832012-08-05T09:49:00.002-07:002012-08-05T09:49:49.004-07:002012-08-05T09:49:49.004-07:00Transportation Engineering<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><b>Importance </b></u> :<br />
<br />
Transportation adds to the economic, industrial, social and cultural development of a country. Transportation is very important for the economic development of any region since every thing/commodity produced whether it is food, fruits or industrial products needs transport at all stages from production to distribution. In the production stage, transportation is required for carrying raw materials like seeds, manure, coal, steel etc. In the distribution stage, transportation is required from the production centers viz; farms and factories to the marketing centers and later to the retailers and the consumers for distribution.<br />
The inadequate transportation facilities retard the process of social & economic development of the country. The adequacy of transportation system of a country indicated its economic and social development.<br />
<br />
a) Economic activity and Transport: The importance of transportation in economic activity is to be found in its effects on both human wants for goods and satisfaction through production and distribution. While discussing the general effects of transportation, it may be said that the increased productivity and its efficient transportation can lower the cost of products. Transportation cost is an influencing factor on consumer price of commodities.<br />
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b) Social Effects of Transportation: Progress follows the lines of transportation. People have always settled along the river shores, road sides and near railway stations. In the present concept of transportation network, this kind of ribbon development is greatly discouraged. Attempts are being made to decentralize the population centers away from the sides of the main transportation routes. Thus town planning patterns are rapidly changing. To avoid congestion around the populated areas suburban living and industrial enterprises are developing. These suburbs and satellite towns, acting as counter-magnets should be linked up with rapid transit systems. The various social effects of transportation may be further elaborated as follows:<br />
<br />
1) <b><u>Concentration of population into urban areas</u></b> : The improved transportation facilities brings prosperity to the urban population. The prosperity and employment opportunities of the urban area attract the population from the other areas resulting in enhanced economic activities.<br />
<i>(Note (Source - wiki): Urban area: <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows:</span></i><br />
<ol style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc.</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>All other places which satisfied the following criteria:</i></li>
</ol>
<dl style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A minimum population of 5,000;</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">))</span></i></li>
</ol>
</dd></dl>
2) <b><u>Reducing sectionalism </u></b>: Improved transportation has reduced the sectionalism within the country and also outside the country. Under-developed colonies and tribes are improving their living conditions since the distances have apparently been reduced with reduction in travel time. More frequent travels in other parts of the country and outside the country tend to increase the knowledge of the people from the other sections of the society. The international understanding for better peace and order also improves with efficient network of transportation.
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<br />
3)<u><b> Aspect of safety, law and order</b></u> : Transport facilities are essential for rushing aids to areas affected by an emergency. To maintain law and order at home, it is required to have an efficient system of transport network. To defend the borders with the foreign territories, transport facilities are needed connecting the farthest border area from the headquarters or capitals. At times, this alone may be a sufficient reason to develop a transport network which may not involve any economic and social benefit directly.<br />
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4) <u><b>Rural Development. </b></u>: Over 75% of the population of India living in the villages, the development in the urban centers alone do not indicate the overall development of the country. With the improved transportation facilities in the rural areas, there could be faster development of the rural centers. The fertilizers and other inputs for agriculture and small scale industries could reach the rural population easily and similarly the products can be sold at the nearest marketing centers for more remunerative price resulting in faster economic growth. With increased facilities for education. health care and other social needs in the villages, the urge for the migration to urban centers decreases, thus helping in balance development of the country.<br />
<br /></div>Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-55602855026662555922012-08-02T21:58:00.000-07:002012-08-02T22:41:07.739-07:002012-08-02T22:41:07.739-07:00Civl Engineering - An Introduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
If you search the wikipedia then the definition of of Civil Engineering is "<em><strong>Civil Engineering is a branch of Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and natural environment including works like roads, bridges, canal, dams and buildings</strong></em>."<br />
In earlier times there was only one discipline and that is Military Engineering. The military people use to construct the varoius kinds of structures like bridges and bunkers etc for their own purpose.<br />
To dinstinguish the same works done for the public from the works done by military it was named like Civil Engineering.<br />
Civil Engineering is the oldest trade after the Military Engineering. It is sub divided into various sub-disciplines <br />
1. Environmental Engineering<br />
2. Geotechnical Engineering<br />
3. Structural Engineering<br />
4. Transportation Engineering<br />
5. Municipal Engineering/ Urban Engineering<br />
6. Water Resource Engineering<br />
7. Materials Engineering<br />
8. Surveying<br />
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Some people who got famous after doing some good works in the field of Civil Engineering are:<br />
<br />
1. <strong>John Smeaton</strong> (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792)<br />
He is known as the father of Civl Engineering. He designed varoius civil engineering structures. You can find more about him in wikipedia. Here is the link <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton</a>.<br />
<br />
2. <strong>Thomas Telford</strong>.(9th August 1757 – 2 September 1834<span style="display: none;">(<span class="dday deathdate">1834-09-02</span>)</span> )<br />
He was a Scottish Civil Engineer, Architect, and was elected as the first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He gave some very useful technique of Highway Construction, Known as the Telford Construction.<br />
3. <strong>Dr. Karl TErzaghi</strong> (October 2, 1883<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Terzaghi#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> – October 25, 1963)<br />
He was an Austrian Civil Engineer and Geologist. He is known as the father of the Soil Mechanis. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Terzaghi">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Terzaghi</a>. He wrote the book on the Soil mechanics in early 20s named <em>Erdbaumechanik. </em>He gave the concept of effective stress.<br />
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When someone get admission in the college for a graduate degree in Civil Engineering then no one is going to explain the Civil Engineering like this. I like the Wikipedia for many such reasons. <br />
I am graduate in Civil Engineering practical knowledge comes from the field and until someone don't know the practical use of things they are hard to grasp.<br />
I learned Solid mechanics, Hydraulics and then soil mechanics but never knew what is it that I am studying for. All the uses are also written in the book itself but for me until I don't see it in work thorugh my own eyes it hard for me to understand. <br />
If you are the person who have the same problem then may be we share the same problems and it will be productive for us to discuss the things here. <br />
I am always interested in the broad picture of everything and until someone don't show me that I am not interested. It is boring for me to discuss the design procedure of a beam until I don't know the use of it, how much I will save or earn like that.<br />
I think it will be entertaining if you post some querries about any topic of Civil engineering here and I will be happy to discuss it with you. <br />
I will soon come up with some interesting stuff on this subject so please be patient. I just created the blog 2 days ago and I want to put here some useful stuff only. <br />
Thank you for your time.</div>Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6456179369907379618.post-25040504490382287172012-08-02T05:44:00.001-07:002012-08-02T05:44:47.265-07:002012-08-02T05:44:47.265-07:00GATE Syllabus -Civil Engineering 2012<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><div align="LEFT">
SYLLABUS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING (CE) </div>
GATE 2012</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: ComicSansMS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: ComicSansMS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: ComicSansMS; font-size: medium;">Engineering Mathematics</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #810000; font-family: ComicSansMS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: ComicSansMS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: ComicSansMS; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span><b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Linear Algebra:</span></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">
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Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.</div>
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<b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><div align="LEFT">
Calculus:</div>
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Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems,</div>
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Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative,</div>
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Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional</div>
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derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.</div>
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Differential equations:</div>
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First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations</div>
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with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value</div>
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problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations</div>
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and Laplace equation.</div>
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Complex variables:</div>
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Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.</div>
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<b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><div align="LEFT">
Probability and Statistics:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><div align="LEFT">
Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median,</div>
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<div align="LEFT">
mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial</div>
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distributions.</div>
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<b><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #810000; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><div align="LEFT">
Numerical Methods:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><div align="LEFT">
Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by</div>
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trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.</div>
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Structural Engineering</div>
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Mechanics:</div>
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Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and</div>
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strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress</div>
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transformation, Mohr's circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses,</div>
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unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion,</div>
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buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.</div>
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Structural Analysis:</div>
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Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames,</div>
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displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically</div>
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indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods</div>
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(slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and</div>
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indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis.</div>
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Concrete Structures:</div>
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Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete designbasic</div>
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working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity</div>
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and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit</div>
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state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at</div>
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transfer and service loads.</div>
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Steel Structures:</div>
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Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam- columns,</div>
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column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric, beam'column connections, plate</div>
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girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames.</div>
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Geotechnical Engineering</div>
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Soil Mechanics:</div>
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Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions,</div>
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relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle,</div>
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consolidation, compaction, shear strength.</div>
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Foundation Engineering:</div>
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Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate</div>
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load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopesinfinite</div>
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slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow</div>
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foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress</div>
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distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types, dynamic</div>
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& static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction.</div>
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Water Resources Engineering</div>
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics:</div>
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Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and</div>
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corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's</div>
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equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary</div>
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layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels,</div>
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specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow</div>
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measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic</div>
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modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and</div>
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turbines.</div>
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Hydrology:</div>
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Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit</div>
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hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well</div>
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hydraulics.</div>
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Irrigation:</div>
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Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined</div>
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and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of</div>
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weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water</div>
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logging and drainage, sodic soils.</div>
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Environmental Engineering</div>
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Water requirements:</div>
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Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking</div>
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water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for</div>
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surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment,</div>
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quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of</div>
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wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater</div>
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treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary</div>
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treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal.</div>
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Air Pollution:</div>
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Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution</div>
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control, air quality standards and limits.</div>
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Municipal Solid Wastes:</div>
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Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered</div>
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systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and</div>
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disposal).</div>
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Noise Pollution:</div>
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Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control</div>
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of noise pollution.</div>
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Transportation Engineering</div>
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Highway Planning:</div>
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Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of</div>
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flexible and rigid pavements.</div>
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Traffic Engineering:</div>
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Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal</div>
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design, highway capacity.</div>
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Surveying</div>
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Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate</div>
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system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite</div>
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traversing, plane table surveying, errors and adjustments, curves</span></div>
Sanjay Kumarhttps://plus.google.com/104579447744058196780noreply@blogger.com0